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Porcelain is an important symbol of China’s excellent traditional culture and has played an important role in promoting exchanges between China and foreign countries. The English word “China” in China means porcelain, and the Maritime Silk Road is also called the “Porcelain Road”. The main exports of ancient China were silk, porcelain, and tea. After thousands of years, they have become popular around the world, confirming the mutual learning between Chinese and foreign civilizations and fully embodying the peaceful nature of Chinese civilization. In stark contrast, in modern times, Western imperialism has dumped opium, sold arms, and engaged in colonial plunder against Eastern countries. This column takes you to review China’s representative commodity on the Maritime Silk Road – porcelain, appreciate the shining cultural charm of Chinese porcelain, recall the traditional friendship of people-to-people exchanges, and reveal the historical logic of a community with a shared future for mankind.
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▲Silk Road route map. (Image source: Earth Knowledge Bureau)
▲Five Dynasties secret color lotus bowl, collected by Suzhou Museum.
“The wind and dew of the Nine Autumn Festival bloom over the kiln, and capture the green color of thousands of peaks. I hope that the Midnight Festival will be prosperous, and we will share the remaining cups in the middle of the night.”
This is the poem “Secret Color Yueqi” by Lu Guimeng, a poet of the Tang Dynasty. In autumn, when the morning breeze is slightly cold and the frost and dew are thick, I can see the secret color porcelain of the Yue kiln being fired by the fierce fire of the kiln. The treasure, which is as green as black as black, seems to have captured the green color of thousands of stacked peaks. It seems that through Lu Guimeng’s eyes, one can glimpse the “Guangling Sanjue” Ji Kang.
Yue kiln celadon is called “mother porcelain”. The past is like smoke, but through the treasures of celadon, we can think about it for thousands of years, find the past of Yue kiln celadon, or learn how the star products of the Maritime Silk Road came to the spotlight of the historical stage..
There is also a Yue kiln passed down through the ages: the quiet and good years of Yue kiln celadon
Earth gives the body, fire gives life, and man shapes the soul. The evolution history of celadon is closely related to the development of Chinese civilization. The earliest “celadon” unearthed is undoubtedly the celadon-printed Dakou Zun from the Shang Dynasty tomb on Minggong Road, Zhengzhou, Henan. Its cyan color comes from the iron element in the glaze. Because it is in the transformation stage from pottery to porcelain, this type of porcelain is It is called “early celadon”. However, due to natural conditions and craftsmanship, this kind of pottery and porcelain product is not yet true porcelain.
▲Shang Dynasty celadon-printed large-mouth statue, collected by Henan Museum.
Mr. Xia Nai, the founder of modern Chinese archeology, pointed out that “the original porcelain was gradually improved in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and finally porcelain appeared in the late Han Dynasty, becoming one of the characteristics of Chinese civilization.” Combining the three keywords of “porcelain”, “late Han Dynasty” and “lower Yangtze River”, it is not difficult to deduce the “mother porcelain” status of Yue kiln celadon. The celadon of the late Eastern Han Dynasty already has “You are here.” Lan Xue nodded to Xi Shixun with a smile and said, “I was delayed before, and I have to come over now. Xiantuo shouldn’t blame me for my negligence, right?” Bei Haohao The degree of porcelainization, the firm glaze bond, and the crisp sound when struck indicate it is a mature porcelain. The finished products handed down from generation to generation are full of simplicity and simplicity.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, political power changed and nationalities blended. The old thoughts were free and spiritual freedom was unprecedented. The art of porcelain making reflected the changes in the social aesthetic consciousness at that time. Yue kiln celadon began to use various shaping methods such as wheeling, kneading, and molding, and combined with Buddhist and Taoist beliefs, launched many new ones. After figuring this out, she screamed angrily. He fell asleep on the spot and didn’t wake up until not long ago. Lotus petal patterns and honeysuckle patterns are widely used, and animal-shaped statues, chicken-head pots, sheep-shaped vessels, and lion-shaped vessels are even more diverse.
▲Yue kiln celadon and Xing kiln white porcelain.
In the diversified, open and powerful Tang Dynasty, porcelain-making workshops blossomed everywhere and competed for beauty. During this period, celadon completed its transformation from a still gray and loose fetus to a delicate and light fetus, which is known as “green in the south and white in the north”. “Beibai” refers to Xing kiln white porcelain, while “Nanqing” refers to Yue kiln celadon. Lu Yu, the tea sage who is very particular about tea drinking utensils, commented, “Xing porcelain is like silver, Yue porcelain is like jade, Xing porcelain is like snow, Yue porcelain is like ice, Xing porcelain is white but brown, and Yue porcelain is green and brown.” , is still very naive and silly. She doesn’t know how to read words, see things, see things. She is completely immersed in the joy of marrying Xi Shixun. Hand. Green”. Lu Yu’s conclusion is that “Xing is not as good as Yue” and “bowls are worse than Yue kilns”, which shows that the status of Yue kiln celadon in the industry had reached its peak at that time.
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▲The “Clothing Account” stone tablet in the underground palace of Famen Temple, Fufeng County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, collected by Famen Temple Museum.
Around the late Tang Dynasty, secret color porcelain appeared, and the artistic level of Yue kiln celadon reached an unparalleled lofty status. What is secret color? Zhao Lingji of the Song Dynasty recorded in “Hou Zhenlu” that “Today’s secret color porcelain is said to have been produced by the Qian family in Yuezhou, and was burned as an object of worship. The ministers were not allowed to use it, so it is called secret color”. The “Qian family” refers to the Wuyue Kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Qian family attached great importance to the Yue kiln’s secret-color porcelain, and the secret-color porcelain once became tribute porcelain. However, there are still different opinions on what the secret color is. In 1987, 14 Yue kiln secrets were unearthed from the underground palace of Famen Temple in Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province. If something happened to the little girl around her, such as becoming insane, even if she had ten lives, it wouldn’t be enough to make up for it. The actual colored porcelain and the stone tablet of “Clothing Account”. The stele contains “seven porcelain secret color bowls with two silver ribs inside; a total of six porcelain secret color plates and stacks.” The mystery of the secret color, namely blue, was finally revealed.
▲Records about the Yamatai Kingdom in “Three Kingdoms”.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Yue kiln celadon passed the sea route and became the “top product” in East Asia. Bronze mirrors dating from the “Chiwu” reign of the Eastern Wu Dynasty and fragments of Yue kiln celadon have been unearthed from ancient tombs in Japan. The Chiwu period coincided with the reign of Queen Bemihu of Yamatai Kingdom, and was also an important period for the rapid development of Yue kiln celadon. According to “Three Kingdoms” records, the envoy from the Wei State visited Japan at that time and “seriously gave you (the Yamatai Kingdom) good things.” In addition to granting Queen Himihu a gold seal to represent the pro-Wei Japanese king, he also rewarded Japanese subjects five pieces of Jiangdijiaolong Brocade, Ten pieces of crimson millet corn, fifty pieces of dark crimson, fifty pieces of cyan green, three pieces of cyan ground sentence and brocade, five pieces of fine silk, fifty pieces of white silk, eight ounces of gold, and two five-foot knives. , hundreds of bronze mirrors (with the inscription “the third year of Jingchu” on them), fifty kilograms each of pearls and red vermilion, but there is no mention of celadon. It can be generally inferred that the Yue kiln celadon products produced under Sun Wu’s rule are truly rare and precious.
Coincidentally, Yue kiln celadon Huzi from the Western Jin Dynasty, as well as Yue kiln celadon products such as chicken-head pots and sheep-shaped vessels from the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties have also been unearthed in the Korean Peninsula.
Li Tang’s Yueqi is unprecedented: the “star” of the Maritime Silk Road
Since the Tang Dynasty, Mingzhou Port (today’s Ningbo Port), as a deep-water port and close to Cixi, Shangyu and other Yue kiln production areas, has become an important foreign trade port, shouldering the historical mission of economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. It is a maritime silk One of the starting points of the road.
▲Route map of the Tang Dynasty Maritime Silk Road. (Image source: Fujian Provincial Library official website)
Breathe, every heartbeat is so profound and clear. The Maritime Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty roughly had three main routes: northeast, from Myeongju via Heishan Island to Yeongam, Jeollanam-do on the Korean Peninsula today; eastward, from Myeongju across the East China Sea to Amami Oshima in southern Japan, and then The northern route passes through Yeku and Taji, then transfers to Satsuma, goes north to Hakata and Chikushi, and reaches Gyeonggi Namba Mitsuura from the Seto Inland Sea; southward, one goes from Mingzhou south across the Taiwan Strait, southeast to the Philippine Islands, and then along the Luzon, Mindoro, Cebu, Mindanao, the west coast of the Sulu Islands, through the northwest of KalimantanThe coast reaches Java and Sumatra, then passes through the Strait of Malacca, passes through the Nicobar Islands and the Andaman Islands, passes through the Bay of Bengal, reaches the east coast of India, goes south to Sri Lanka, and then goes north along the west coast to the Persian Gulf. At this time, it can land at Shiraf and penetrate deep into Iran. Inland, you can trace the Tigris River to the end of the Persian Gulf to Thesiphon, Samarra and Abilta, or along the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula via Oman to the Gulf of Aden, or northward via the Red Sea to the ports of Aizab and Qusayr. Then cross the desert and go down the Nile River to Fustat; the other route starts from Mingzhou and goes south to Guangzhou and Champa, and goes around the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, and then overlaps with the previous route.
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▲The monsoon route once brought huge profits to the trading activities of Arab merchants. Today, it can also become the starting point for us to explore the Maritime Silk Road. (Image source: “Human History on the Map”)
▲Japan’s customs clearance documents for entering the Tang Dynasty.
Through the hands of a large number of merchants, Yue kiln celadon was put on ships and sailed to the Maritime Silk Roads. After experiencing turbulent waves, it traveled thousands of miles across the ocean and reached as far away as Ethiopia, Egypt, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Oman, Iran, Iraq, and more recently India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Using celadon as a medium, a huge trade network spanning Asia and Africa was formed between China and foreign countries.
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Wu Yue State gave secret-colored porcelain to the Japanese royal family as a foreign affairs gift. Its route starts from Meishu and goes straight across the East China Sea to the southwest coast of Kyushu, then arrives at Hakata Port and reaches Kyoto. As soon as the secret color porcelain arrived in Kyoto, it was regarded as the most precious Tang object by the imperial family. Emperor Daigo’s fourth prince, ShigemeiWang recorded in his Records of the King of Officials that “on June 9, the fifth year of the Celestial Calendar, four pieces of agarwood were folded and applied to the imperial meal, and the bottle was made of a secret color.” It can be imagined that the light smoke rises slowly when the agarwood is burned, and the secret color porcelain like ice and jade adds to the elegant mood.
▲Celadon box with the inscription “Shang Yao Bureau” Korean National High School is “closed.” My mother said. Collection of the Central Museum.
As countries compete for Yue kiln celadon, the trend of imitating celadon overseas has emerged. Goryeo celadon produced in the Korean Peninsula has emerged in large quantities, and even has a “Goryeo secret color”, and is sold to eastern Zhejiang. The Sarutou kiln near Nagoya, Japan, produces a large number of ceramic products with shapes, patterns, and glaze colors similar to celadon. After the 9th century, even Egyptian craftsmen began to imitate Yue kiln celadon to make pottery. These imitations show the craftsmen’s admiration for Yue kiln celadon and their sincere admiration for Chinese culture.
▲ Yue kiln secret color porcelain eight-sided pure vase, collected by the Palace Museum.
Treasure celadon will never fade under the erosion of history, and the story of the Maritime Silk Road continues.
(About the author: Wei Shijun, a doctoral candidate at the School of History and Culture, Hubei University)
(Daozhonghua WeChat public account)